The Candlestick Course

Expert instruction on the practical applications of candlestick charting Candlestick charting is more popular than ever before, with a legion of new traders and investors being introduced to the concept by some of today’s hottest investment gurus. Having introduced the candlestick technique to the West through two of his bestselling books, Steve Nison is regarded as a luminary in the field of candlestick charting. In his new venture, The Candlestick Course, Nison explains patterns of varying complexity and tests the reader’s knowledge with quizzes, Q&As, and intensive examples. In accessible and easy-to-understand language, this book offers expert instruction on the practical applications of candlestick charting to give every level of investor a complete understanding of this proven, profitable, and time-tested investing technique. Straightforward answers quickly clarify this easy-to-use charting method. This guide will allow readers to recognize and implement various candlestick patterns and lines in today’s real-world trading environment–giving them a noticeable edge in their trading activities

http://www.amazon.com/Candlestick-Course-Steve-Nison/dp/0471227285/ref=pd_sim_b_title_1/102-8888692-2336104

DNA damage

DNA can be damaged by many different sorts of mutagens, which are agents that change the DNA sequence. These agents include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents and also high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light mostly damages DNA by producing thymine dimers, which are cross-links between adjacent pyrimidine bases in a DNA strand.^[44] On the other hand, oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, as well as double-strand breaks.^[45] It has been estimated that in each human cell, about 500 bases suffer oxidative damage per day.^[46][47] Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations, insertions and deletions from the DNA sequence, as well as chromosomal translocations.^[48]

Many mutagens intercalate into the space between two adjacent base pairs. Intercalators are mostly aromatic and planar molecules, and include ethidium, daunomycin, doxorubicin and thalidomide. In order for an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix. These structural changes inhibit both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations. As a result, DNA intercalators are often carcinogens, with benzopyrene diol epoxide, acridines, aflatoxin and ethidium bromide being well-known examples.^[49][50][51] Nevertheless, due to their properties of inhibiting DNA transcription and replication, they are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly-growing cancer cells.

Benzopyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke, in an adduct to DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

The New RNA Copy of the Gene

The new chain of RNA then breaks off and the DNA double helix zips back up. The new RNA goes on to direct the production of the hair protein. This process is called "transcription" because the four-letter DNA code is actually transcribed into the RNA.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/The_New_RNA_Copy_of_the_Gene.affx

A DNA Microarray Experiment

1. Prepare your DNA chip using your chosen target DNAs. 3. Incubate your hybridization mixture containing fluorescently labeled cDNAs with your DNA chip. 4. Detect bound cDNA using laser technology and store data in a computer. 5. Analyze data using computational methods. 2. Generate a hybridization solution containing a mixture of fluorescently labeled cDNAs.

After this hybridization step is complete, a researcher will place the microarray in a "reader" or "scanner" that consists of some lasers, a special microscope, and a camera. The fluorescent tags are excited by the laser, and the microscope and camera work together to create a digital image of the array. These data are then stored in a computer, and a special program is used either to calculate the red-to-green fluorescence ratio or to subtract out background data for each microarray spot by analyzing the digital image of the array. If calculating ratios, the program then creates a table that contains the ratios of the intensity of red-to-green fluorescence for every spot on the array. For example, using the scenario outlined above, the computer may conclude that both cell types express gene A at the same level, that cell 1 expresses more of gene B, that cell 2 expresses more of gene C, and that neither cell expresses gene D. But remember, this is a simple example used to demonstrate key points in experimental design. Some microarray experiments can contain up to 30,000 target spots. Therefore, the data generated from a single array can mount up quickly

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

How do cells divide?

There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.

Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.

The other type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that reduces the chromosome number by half—from 46 to 23—to form sperm and egg cells. When the sperm and egg cells unite at conception, each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46. Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of DNA shuffling while the cells are dividing.

Mitosis and meiosis, the two types of cell division.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/cellsdivide

China Hongx Potential Three Black Crows Candlestick Charting Pattern

After the hanging man confirmation with a down bar candlestick another down bar appeared today. If there is another down bar tomorrow a three black crows candlestick charting pattern will be formed. Price has closed below the red bold neckline support and now rest at the lower uptrend support line of the giant raising wedge formation. Next support are the overlapping 20 days and 50 days EMA support lines. If these support lines does not hold a test of 57 cents to 58 cents support band is expected. Conversely, if the unexpected happens a rebound from the lower uptrend support of the huge raising wedge will retest the 200 days EMA resistance line.

Beyond Candlesticks: New Japanese Charting Techniques Revealed (Wiley Finance)

From the "Father of Candlesticks"—penetrating new Japanese techniques for forecasting and tracking market prices and improving market timing Steve Nison has done it again. The man who revolutionized technical analysis by introducing Japanese candlestick charting techniques to Western traders is back—this time with a quartet of powerful Japanese techniques never before published or used in the West. Stunningly effective on their own, these new techniques pack an even greater wallop when teamed up with traditional trading, investing, or hedging strategies, and Steve Nison shows you how to do it. Beyond Candlesticks provides step-by-step instructions, detailed charts and graphs, and clear-cut guidance on tracking and analyzing results—everything you need to pick up these sharp new tools and take your place at the cutting edge of technical analysis. Critical praise for Steve Nison’s first book … "… destined to become the classic reference on the subject." —Charles Lebeau and David Lucas Technical Trader’s Bulletin "I believe Steve Nison’s new candlestick book is destined to become one of the truly great books for this time period.… Whether you trade futures, commodities, or equities, day trade or hold positions overnight, this book is a must." —Lee Siegfried Investor’s Library, Data Broadcasting Corp. "It is hard to be too effusive about the quality of NiSon’s work … this is clearly one of the best investment books ever written in terms of covering a subject with pedagogical ability and writing skill. The organization is impeccable … reading it was a pleasure." —Commodity Traders Consumer Report

The publisher, John Wiley & Sons
Known internationally as ``The Father of Candlesticks,'' Nison reveals more Japanese charting methods which have never been published or used in the Western world. Describes kagi, renko and three-line break charts. Provides a brief review of candlesticks and previously unavailable candlestick patterns that can be used in equities, fixed-income, foreign exchange and overseas markets.

http://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Candlesticks-Japanese-Charting-Techniques/dp/047100720X/ref=pd_sim_b_img_1

DNA Base modifications

The expression of genes is influenced by the chromatin structure of a chromosome and regions of that have low or no gene expression usually contain high levels of methylation of cytosine bases. For example, cytosine methylation, producing 5-methylcytosine, is important for X-chromosome inactivation.^[38] The average level of methylation varies between organisms, with Caenorhabditis elegans lacking cytosine methylation, while vertebrates show higher levels, with up to 1% of their DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.^[39] Despite the biological role of 5-methylcytosine it can deaminate to leave a thymine base, methylated cytosines are therefore particularly prone to mutations.^[40] Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the "J-base" in kinetoplastids.

cytosine	5-methylcytosine	thymine

Structure of cytosine with and without the 5-methyl group. After deamination the 5-methylcytosine has the same structure as thymine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Making the RNA copy of DNA

RNA molecules are very similar to DNA and are attracted to the unzipped DNA. The RNA molecules partner with the single stranded DNA molecules to form a mirror image copy of the DNA. RNA differs slightly from DNA: in place of every molecule of T (thymine) you have a molecule of U (uracil). So, every A in the DNA binds to a U in the newly formed RNA.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/Making_the_RNA_copy_of_DNA.affx

Designing a Microarray Experiment: The Basic Steps

One might ask, how does a scientist extract information about a disease condition from a dime-sized glass or silicon chip containing thousands of individual gene sequences? The whole process is based on hybridization probing, a technique that uses fluorescently labeled nucleic acid molecules as "mobile probes" to identify complementary molecules, sequences that are able to base-pair with one another. Each single-stranded DNA fragment is made up of four different nucleotides, adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), that are linked end to end. Adenine is the complement of, or will always pair with, thymine, and guanine is the complement of cytosine. Therefore, the complementary sequence to G-T-C-C-T-A will be C-A-G-G-A-T. When two complementary sequences find each other, such as the immobilized target DNA and the mobile probe DNA, cDNA, or mRNA, they will lock together, or hybridize.

Now, consider two cells: cell type 1, a healthy cell, and cell type 2, a diseased cell. Both contain an identical set of four genes, A, B, C, and D. Scientists are interested in determining the expression profile of these four genes in the two cell types. To do this, scientists isolate mRNA from each cell type and use this mRNA as templates to generate cDNA with a "fluorescent tag" attached. Different tags (red and green) are used so that the samples can be differentiated in subsequent steps. The two labeled samples are then mixed and incubated with a microarray containing the immobilized genes A, B, C, and D. The labeled molecules bind to the sites on the array corresponding to the genes expressed in each cell.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

Can genes be turned on and off in cells?

Each cell expresses, or turns on, only a fraction of its genes. The rest of the genes are repressed, or turned off. The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. Genes are turned on and off in different patterns during development to make a brain cell look and act different from a liver cell or a muscle cell, for example. Gene regulation also allows cells to react quickly to changes in their environments. Although we know that the regulation of genes is critical for life, this complex process is not yet fully understood.

Gene regulation can occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription (when the information in a gene’s DNA is transferred to mRNA). Signals from the environment or from other cells activate proteins called transcription factors. These proteins bind to regulatory regions of a gene and increase or decrease the level of transcription. By controlling the level of transcription, this process can determine the amount of protein product that is made by a gene at any given time.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/geneonoff

Synear Side Stepping Out of Downtrend Channel

The last 3 candlestick bars cleared the red upper downtrend channel resistance line. However, these 3 bars side stepped into a descending triangle pattern. Immediate support is the red upper downtrend channel resistance turned support line. Next support is 59.5 cents followed by 50 cents. A drop back into the down trend channel is expected if 59.5 cents support level fails. Conversely, a breakout above the green sloping resistance line will propel price to test next resistance at 69 cents followed 74 cents. Clearing 74 cents resistance will see a retest of 91 cents and an attempt to cover gap at $1.03

Ferrochina Shooting Star Hanging Man Candlestick Chart Pattern Confirmed

A down bar candlestick formed today confirms the Shooting Star and Hanging Man bearish implication warning given last Thursday and Friday. Immediate support is the red support line. Support failure here will retest next support at $1.30. If this support does not hold a test of blue support line is next. Immediate resistance is the mid down bar resistance at $1.50

DNA Quadruplex structures

Structure of a DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats. The conformation of the DNA backbone diverges significantly from the typical helical structure^[31]

At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres. The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase, as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA cannot copy the extreme 3′ ends of chromosomes.^[32] These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends, and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected.^[33] In human cells, telomeres are usually lengths of single-stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence.^[34]

These guanine-rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four-base units, rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules. Here, four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four-base units then stack on top of each other, to form a stable G-quadruplex structure.^[35] These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four-base unit.^[36] Other structures can also be formed, with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases, or several different parallel strands, each contributing one base to the central structure.

In addition to these stacked structures, telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops, or T-loops. Here, the single-stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere-binding proteins.^[37] At the very end of the T-loop, the single-stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double-stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double-helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands. This triple-stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D-loop.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Cosco Shoot Star Candlestick Charting Pattern Confirmed

Shooting Star candlestick chart pattern confirmed by down bar formation today. Immediate support is the 20 days EMA and the previous gap reisistance turned support at $3.34 . If price fails to hold at $3.34 expect price to retest the red bold downtrend resistance turned support line. Support failure at this critical line will result in a challenge of $2.79 support. However if price can rebounce from 20 days EMA support it will challenge 50 days EMA resistance line . Clearing 50 days EMA resistance will propel price towards $3.74 followed by $3.92 .

Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques, Second Edition

Book Description
Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques, 2nd Edition, provides an in-depth explanation of candlestick plotting and analysis, conveying to the reader, in easy-to-understand language, the author’s years of practical experience in this increasingly popular and dynamic approach to market analysis. It includes hundreds of examples that span the equity, futures, fixed-income, and foreign exchange markets and shows how candlestick charting techniques can be used in almost any market. It has been thoroughly updated to include:

* New techniques and strategies
* The author’s concept of the Convergence (when a series of signals converge at one zone, thus increasing the chances for a market turn from that area)

This new edition broadens the book’s focus and all new updated charts, and information on several new areas such as day trading and how candlestick charting can be used to improve returns and help decrease market risk.

It includes everything from the basics, such as constructing the candlesticks and learning the patterns, to advanced topics, such as the rules of multiple technical techniques.

Whether you are new to candlestick charts or a seasoned pro-the reward will be immediate and long lasting.

Book Info
Provides an in-depth explanation of candlestick plotting and analysis, conveying to the reader, in easy to understand language.

http://www.amazon.com/Japanese-Candlestick-Charting-Techniques-Second/dp/0735201811/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209279533&sr=1-1

Unzipping the DNA

In order to make hair protein the gene first makes an RNA molecule. It does this with the help of special proteins that temporarily separate or unwind and unzip the DNA strands so that the bases that make up the hair gene are exposed.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/Unzipping_the_DNA.affx

What Exactly Is a DNA Microarray?

DNA Microarrays are small, solid supports onto which the sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached, at fixed locations. The supports themselves are usually glass microscope slides, the size of two side-by-side pinky fingers, but can also be silicon chips or nylon membranes. The DNA is printed, spotted, or actually synthesized directly onto the support.

The American Heritage Dictionary defines "array" as "to place in an orderly arrangement". It is important that the gene sequences in a microarray are attached to their support in an orderly or fixed way, because a researcher uses the location of each spot in the array to identify a particular gene sequence. The spots themselves can be DNA, cDNA, or oligonucleotides.

An oligonucleotide, or oligo as it is commonly called, is a short fragment of a single-stranded DNA that is typically 5 to 50 nucleotides long.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

How do genes direct the production of proteins?

Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.

During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which “reads” the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”

Through the processes of transcription and translation, information from genes is used to make proteins.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/makingprotein

DNA Alternative double-helical structures

DNA exists in many possible conformations.^[8] However, only A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA have been observed in organisms. Which conformation DNA adopts depends on the sequence of the DNA, the amount and direction of supercoiling, chemical modifications of the bases and also solution conditions, such as the concentration of metal ions and polyamines.^[25] Of these three conformations, the "B" form described above is most common under the conditions found in cells.^[26] The two alternative double-helical forms of DNA differ in their geometry and dimensions.

The A form is a wider right-handed spiral, with a shallow, wide minor groove and a narrower, deeper major groove. The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, as well as in enzyme-DNA complexes.^[27][28] Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically-modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form. Here, the strands turn about the helical axis in a left-handed spiral, the opposite of the more common B form.^[29] These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z-DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of

From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

China Hongx Clone Hanging Man Doji Candlestick Charting Pattern

The inverted head and shoulders formation has been confirmed after price breakout above the red bold neckline on 24th April 2008 with high volume. The green long up bar candlestick was followed by a hanging man doji clone candlestick charting pattern near the 200 days EMA resistance line. The next candlestick bar may meet some resistance at the 200 days EMA and failure to breakout above this resistance will result in a pullback towards the neckline support. Conversely, a breakout above 200 days EMA will propel price to test the next resistance at 84.5 cents followed by $1.00 .

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Defining a gene

A gene is a section of DNA that functions as a unit. It can be a sequence of the molecules A, T, C and G, that are the script for producing a specific protein, say hair protein.

In brief, this is what happens to turn a DNA blueprint for hair into an actual piece of hair:

1. An RNA copy of the DNA blueprint is made.

2. The RNA copy is used as a template to create a hair protein.

3. Many of these proteins join together to make actual hair.







http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/Defining_a_gene.affx

Why Are Microarrays Important?

Microarrays are a significant advance both because they may contain a very large number of genes and because of their small size. Microarrays are therefore useful when one wants to survey a large number of genes quickly or when the sample to be studied is small. Microarrays may be used to assay gene expression within a single sample or to compare gene expression in two different cell types or tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased tissue. Because a microarray can be used to examine the expression of hundreds or thousands of genes at once, it promises to revolutionize the way scientists examine gene expression. This technology is still considered to be in its infancy; therefore, many initial studies using microarrays have represented simple surveys of gene expression profiles in a variety of cell types. Nevertheless, these studies represent an important and necessary first step in our understanding and cataloging of the human genome.

As more information accumulates, scientists will be able to use microarrays to ask increasingly complex questions and perform more intricate experiments. With new advances, researchers will be able to infer probable functions of new genes based on similarities in expression patterns with those of known genes. Ultimately, these studies promise to expand the size of existing gene families, reveal new patterns of coordinated gene expression across gene families, and uncover entirely new categories of genes. Furthermore, because the product of any one gene usually interacts with those of many others, our understanding of how these genes coordinate will become clearer through such analyses, and precise knowledge of these inter-relationships will emerge. The use of microarrays may also speed the identification of genes involved in the development of various diseases by enabling scientists to examine a much larger number of genes. This technology will also aid the examination of the integration of gene expression and function at the cellular level, revealing how multiple gene products work together to produce physical and chemical responses to both static and changing cellular needs.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

What are proteins and what do they do?

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein. The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function.

Proteins can be described according to their large range of functions in the body, listed in alphabetical order:

Examples of protein functions

Function	Description	Example
Antibody	Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (illustration)
Enzyme	Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.	Phenylalanine hydroxylase (illustration)
Messenger	Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.	Growth hormone (illustration)
Structural component	These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.	Actin (illustration)
Transport/storage	These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.	Ferritin (illustration)

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein

DNA Supercoiling

DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling. With DNA in its "relaxed" state, a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs, but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound.^[22] If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix, this is positive supercoiling, and the bases are held more tightly together. If they are twisted in the opposite direction, this is negative supercoiling, and the bases come apart more easily. In nature, most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases.^[23] These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Cosco 5 mins chart potential descending triangle chart formation

Interesting formation an intraday descending triangle. Breakdown below the triangle base will see retest of next support at $3.34 . Upward movement will probably be restricted by 200 EMA resistance line .

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DNA Bases A good match sticks, a bad match doesn't

However, if two bases aren't complementary, they won't fit together. Instead, they'll repel each other, just like the identical poles of two magnets will repel each other. An A won't pair with a C, and a T won't pair with a G. So if there's even a single base that's not complementary to its partner, it could keep a single strand from sticking to another single strand.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/A_good_match_sticks__a_bad_match_doesn_t.affx

DNA Microarrays: The Technical Foundations

Two recent complementary advances, one in knowledge and one in technology, are greatly facilitating the study of gene expression and the discovery of the roles played by specific genes in the development of disease. As a result of the Human Genome Project, there has been an explosion in the amount of information available about the DNA sequence of the human genome. Consequently, researchers have identified a large number of novel genes within these previously unknown sequences. The challenge currently facing scientists is to find a way to organize and catalog this vast amount of information into a usable form. Only after the functions of the new genes are discovered will the full impact of the Human Genome Project be realized.

The second advance may facilitate the identification and classification of this DNA sequence information and the assignment of functions to these new genes: the emergence of DNA microarray technology. A microarray works by exploiting the ability of a given mRNA molecule to bind specifically to, or hybridize to, the DNA template from which it originated. By using an array containing many DNA samples, scientists can determine, in a single experiment, the expression levels of hundreds or thousands of genes within a cell by measuring the amount of mRNA bound to each site on the array. With the aid of a computer, the amount of mRNA bound to the spots on the microarray is precisely measured, generating a profile of gene expression in the cell.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

How many chromosomes do people have?

In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

The 22 autosomes are numbered by size. The other two chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex chromosomes. This picture of the human chromosomes lined up in pairs is called a karyotype.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/howmanychromosomes

Sense and antisense

A DNA sequence is called "sense" if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the "antisense" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.^[17] One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing.^[18]

A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in plasmids and viruses, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes.^[19] In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. In bacteria, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription,^[20] while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Cosco Shooting Star Candlestick Chart Pattern

Potential Shooting Star reversal pattern will weaken momentum. The last time this pattern appeared was on 31 st March 2008 . On 1st April 2008 a clone hammer candlestick chart pattern formed and finally on 2nd April 2008 a narrow range spinning top marked the ended of that uptrend swing wave. The current shooting star candlestick chart pattern tested the 50 days EMA resistance line and retreated back to close below it. A breakout above this resistance line will nullify the shooting star candlestick pattern and propel price towards next resistance at $3.74 . However, if the next candlestick bar is weak price will retest the support at $3.34 which is near the 20 day EMA support line.

Cosco 15 mins chart testing 50 EMA support

Blue uptrend support broken. Now testing 50 EMA support line. Gap support at $3.53 . Watch for potential rebounce from 50 EMA support. Support failure at gap support $3.53 will signal reduce uptrend momentum .

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DNA chain:

C pairs with G and T pairs with A

There are only four molecules in the DNA chain: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). These As, Cs, Ts and Gs are also called "bases." These four molecules partner: C partners with G and T partners with A. Pairing is a natural state for DNA and if you pulled the double helix apart, it would inevitably move back together, like two long chains of magnets that are attracted to each other.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/C_pairs_with_G_and_T_pairs_with_A.affx

Biomedical Enabling Technologies

Biomedical research evolves and advances not only through the compilation of knowledge but also through the development of new technologies. Using traditional methods to assay gene expression, researchers were able to survey a relatively small number of genes at a time. The emergence of new tools enables researchers to address previously intractable problems and to uncover novel potential targets for therapies. Microarrays allow scientists to analyze expression of many genes in a single experiment quickly and efficiently. They represent a major methodological advance and illustrate how the advent of new technologies provides powerful tools for researchers. Scientists are using microarray technology to try to understand fundamental aspects of growth and development as well as to explore the underlying genetic causes of many human diseases

A microarray is a tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide containing samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

What is a chromosome?

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.

Chromosomes are not visible in the cell’s nucleus—not even under a microscope—when the cell is not dividing. However, the DNA that makes up chromosomes becomes more tightly packed during cell division and is then visible under a microscope. Most of what researchers know about chromosomes was learned by observing chromosomes during cell division.

Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere, which divides the chromosome into two sections, or “arms.” The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the “p arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the “q arm.” The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific genes.

DNA and histone proteins are packaged into structures called chromosomes.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/chromosome

DNA Base pairing

Each type of base on one strand forms a bond with just one type of base on the other strand. This is called complementary base pairing. Here, purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines, with A bonding only to T, and C bonding only to G. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. The double helix is also stabilized by the hydrophobic effect and pi stacking, which are not influenced by the sequence of the DNA.^[12] As hydrogen bonds are not covalent, they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily. The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high temperature.^[13] As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication. Indeed, this reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms.^[1]

Top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines.

The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds, AT forming two hydrogen bonds, and GC forming three hydrogen bonds (see figures, left). The GC base pair is therefore stronger than the AT base pair. As a result, it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determine the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA. Long DNA helices with a high GC content have stronger-interacting strands, while short helices with high AT content have weaker-interacting strands.^[14] In biology, parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily, such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters, tend to have a high AT content, making the strands easier to pull apart.^[15] In the laboratory, the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature required to break the hydrogen bonds, their melting temperature (also called T_m value). When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules. These single-stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape, but some conformations are more stable than others

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Light Crude Oil Measured Move Projection

Using measured move projection as shown in the chart above the price of Light Crude Oil will probably hit $125 around the second week of May 2008. Price has just moved from the lower uptrend channel into the mid channel . Expect a move to the higher channel if demand continues to outstrip supply.

Yangjiziang Testing Previous Peak and 50 days EMA

Testing previous peak at $1.05 and 50 days EMA resistance line are imminent. Clearing these 2 resistances will propel price to challenge next resistance at $1.20 . Immediate support is the 20 days EMA support line followed by lower uptrend channel support line.

Sony Ericsson T650i 3G Phone Review

Let your eyes linger on the mineral glass screen. Scratch-resistant, and crystal-clear even in bright sun light. Makes you feel the T650i belongs in your hand.

The T650i also lets you catch the beautiful things around you. Take pictures with the 3.2 megapixel camera. View them on-screen or share via your blog.

With your T650i comes a set of designed accessories: an elegant desk stand, a stereo headset and a pouch. A USB cable, a 256MB memory card and PC software are also included.

http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/t650i

DNA Microarrays - A technology that is reshaping molecular biology

It is widely believed that thousands of genes and their products (i.e., RNA and proteins) in a given living organism function in a complicated and orchestrated way that creates the mystery of life. However, traditional methods in molecular biology generally work on a "one gene in one experiment" basis, which means that the throughput is very limited and the "whole picture" of gene function is hard to obtain. In the past several years, a new technology, called DNA microarray, has attracted tremendous interests among biologists. This technology promises to monitor the whole genome on a single chip so that researchers can have a better picture of the interactions among thousands of genes simultaneously.

Terminologies that have been used in the literature to describe this technology include, but not limited to: biochip, DNA chip, DNA microarray, and gene array. Affymetrix, Inc. owns a registered trademark, GeneChip®, which refers to its high density, oligonucleotide-based DNA arrays. However, in some articles appeared in professional journals, popular magazines, and the WWW the term "gene chip(s)" has been used as a general terminology that refers to the microarray technology. Affymetrix strongly opposes such usage of the term "gene chip(s)". More recently, I prefer the term "genome chip", indicating that this technology is meant to monitor the whole genome on a single chip. GenomeChip would also include the increasingly important and feasible protein chip technology.

http://www.gene-chips.com/

The Double Helix

To understand the significance of what GeneChip expression analysis microarrays do, you need to understand the basics of DNA. DNA is a long chain of molecules shaped like a double helix, or a very long spiral staircase. DNA is the genetic blue print, or script, providing instructions for all cellular processes.

Whereas DNA is the script for making ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins, RNA directs the production of all proteins including enzymes and the structural proteins that make up our ears, liver, heart, hair and skin.

http://affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/The_Double_Helix.affx

MICROARRAYS: CHIPPING AWAY AT THE MYSTERIES OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE

With only a few exceptions, every cell of the body contains a full set of chromosomes and identical genes. Only a fraction of these genes are turned on, however, and it is the subset that is "expressed" that confers unique properties to each cell type. "Gene expression" is the term used to describe the transcription of the information contained within the DNA, the repository of genetic information, into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then translated into the proteins that perform most of the critical functions of cells. Scientists study the kinds and amounts of mRNA produced by a cell to learn which genes are expressed, which in turn provides insights into how the cell responds to its changing needs. Gene expression is a highly complex and tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond dynamically both to environmental stimuli and to its own changing needs. This mechanism acts as both an "on/off" switch to control which genes are expressed in a cell as well as a "volume control" that increases or decreases the level of expression of particular genes as necessary.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

What is a gene?

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. The Human Genome Project has estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes (less than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different between people. Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases. These small differences contribute to each person’s unique physical features.

Genes are made up of DNA. Each chromosome contains many genes.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/gene

DNA Major and minor grooves

The double helix is a right-handed spiral. As the DNA strands wind around each other, they leave gaps between each set of phosphate backbones, revealing the sides of the bases inside (see animation). There are two of these grooves twisting around the surface of the double helix: one groove, the major groove, is 22 Å wide and the other, the minor groove, is 12 Å wide.^[10] The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove.



Animation of the structure of a section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

Semb Mar Hanging Man Candlestick Charting Pattern

Shooting star candlestick pattern followed by hanging man. Combination of these 2 candlesticks pattern formed a spinning top which indicates market indecision and slowing momentum as price reaches the upper channel resistance boundary. Immediate resistance is $4.22 the high point of shooting star formation. Immediate support is $4.00 followed by next support at $3.88 . Watch the next candlestick bar for confirmation.

Yangzijiang 30 mins chart clears 50 EMA resistance

50 EMA resistance has turned support. Immediate support is 96.5 cents followed by 50 EMA support. Testing $1.00 mark soon and retest of $1.05 previous peak.