The Candlestick Course

Expert instruction on the practical applications of candlestick charting Candlestick charting is more popular than ever before, with a legion of new traders and investors being introduced to the concept by some of today’s hottest investment gurus. Having introduced the candlestick technique to the West through two of his bestselling books, Steve Nison is regarded as a luminary in the field of candlestick charting. In his new venture, The Candlestick Course, Nison explains patterns of varying complexity and tests the reader’s knowledge with quizzes, Q&As, and intensive examples. In accessible and easy-to-understand language, this book offers expert instruction on the practical applications of candlestick charting to give every level of investor a complete understanding of this proven, profitable, and time-tested investing technique. Straightforward answers quickly clarify this easy-to-use charting method. This guide will allow readers to recognize and implement various candlestick patterns and lines in today’s real-world trading environment–giving them a noticeable edge in their trading activities

http://www.amazon.com/Candlestick-Course-Steve-Nison/dp/0471227285/ref=pd_sim_b_title_1/102-8888692-2336104

DNA damage

DNA can be damaged by many different sorts of mutagens, which are agents that change the DNA sequence. These agents include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents and also high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light mostly damages DNA by producing thymine dimers, which are cross-links between adjacent pyrimidine bases in a DNA strand.^[44] On the other hand, oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, as well as double-strand breaks.^[45] It has been estimated that in each human cell, about 500 bases suffer oxidative damage per day.^[46][47] Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations, insertions and deletions from the DNA sequence, as well as chromosomal translocations.^[48]

Many mutagens intercalate into the space between two adjacent base pairs. Intercalators are mostly aromatic and planar molecules, and include ethidium, daunomycin, doxorubicin and thalidomide. In order for an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix. These structural changes inhibit both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations. As a result, DNA intercalators are often carcinogens, with benzopyrene diol epoxide, acridines, aflatoxin and ethidium bromide being well-known examples.^[49][50][51] Nevertheless, due to their properties of inhibiting DNA transcription and replication, they are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly-growing cancer cells.

Benzopyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke, in an adduct to DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

The New RNA Copy of the Gene

The new chain of RNA then breaks off and the DNA double helix zips back up. The new RNA goes on to direct the production of the hair protein. This process is called "transcription" because the four-letter DNA code is actually transcribed into the RNA.

http://www.affymetrix.com/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/The_New_RNA_Copy_of_the_Gene.affx

A DNA Microarray Experiment

1. Prepare your DNA chip using your chosen target DNAs. 3. Incubate your hybridization mixture containing fluorescently labeled cDNAs with your DNA chip. 4. Detect bound cDNA using laser technology and store data in a computer. 5. Analyze data using computational methods. 2. Generate a hybridization solution containing a mixture of fluorescently labeled cDNAs.

After this hybridization step is complete, a researcher will place the microarray in a "reader" or "scanner" that consists of some lasers, a special microscope, and a camera. The fluorescent tags are excited by the laser, and the microscope and camera work together to create a digital image of the array. These data are then stored in a computer, and a special program is used either to calculate the red-to-green fluorescence ratio or to subtract out background data for each microarray spot by analyzing the digital image of the array. If calculating ratios, the program then creates a table that contains the ratios of the intensity of red-to-green fluorescence for every spot on the array. For example, using the scenario outlined above, the computer may conclude that both cell types express gene A at the same level, that cell 1 expresses more of gene B, that cell 2 expresses more of gene C, and that neither cell expresses gene D. But remember, this is a simple example used to demonstrate key points in experimental design. Some microarray experiments can contain up to 30,000 target spots. Therefore, the data generated from a single array can mount up quickly

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html

How do cells divide?

There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.

Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.

The other type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that reduces the chromosome number by half—from 46 to 23—to form sperm and egg cells. When the sperm and egg cells unite at conception, each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46. Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of DNA shuffling while the cells are dividing.

Mitosis and meiosis, the two types of cell division.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/cellsdivide